01 - Preheat the oven to 350°F. Grease a 9-inch square baking pan and line it with parchment paper, leaving an overhang for easy removal.
02 - In a medium bowl, whisk together the flour, baking powder, and salt. Set aside.
03 - In a large bowl, use an electric mixer or whisk to cream the softened butter and granulated sugar until light and fluffy, about 2 to 3 minutes.
04 - Beat in the eggs one at a time, then mix in the vanilla extract, lemon zest, and lemon juice until well combined.
05 - Add the dry flour mixture to the wet ingredients in three additions, alternating with the milk. Begin and end with flour, mixing gently until just combined to avoid overmixing.
06 - Toss the blueberries with 1 tablespoon of flour to lightly coat them, then gently fold them into the batter.
07 - Spread the batter evenly into the prepared baking pan. Sprinkle the coarse sugar evenly over the top, if using.
08 - Bake in the preheated oven for 38 to 42 minutes, or until a toothpick inserted into the center comes out clean and the top is golden brown.
09 - Allow the cake to cool in the pan for 15 minutes, then lift it out using the parchment overhang. Cool completely on a wire rack before slicing.